ACTIVITY PROFILE BETWEEN WINNERS AND LOSERS IN SILAT OLAHRAGA MALE CLASS C 60KG, SEA GAMES 2015.

FACULTY OF SPORT SCIENCE AND RECREATION

SRT605

STATISTICS IN SPORT AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

TITLE

ACTIVITY PROFILE BETWEEN WINNERS AND LOSERS IN SILAT

OLAHRAGA MALE CLASS C 60 KG, SEA GAMES 2015

PREPARED BY

NUR ELLIZA BINTI MOKHTAR

2016690684

  

PREPARED FOR

DR. MOHAMAD NIZAM BIN MOHAMED SHAPIE

Abstract

            The aim of this study is to focus on punching, kicking, toppling and sweeping techniques used in Silat Olahraga competition during the 28^th SEA Games Singapore 2015. There was 4 matches in men’s Class C category that has been notated which are Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Singapore), Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg (Laos vs Philippines), Men’s Semi-final Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Laos),  and Men’s Final Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Thailand). In Silat, it can be divided into two which are Silat Seni and Silat Olahraga. For this study, Silat Olahraga is a main basic of sparing in competition.                                                                                                                

            For the results, there has 3 tables shown for each match. The first tables will shows all the fourteen techniques used by pesilat during competition with the indicator of hit target, miss opponent and hit elsewhere as a guideline to determine the accuracy of how successful the techniques would be whether it is good or bad for both sides. The second table shows the frequency table for the main technique which are punching, kicking, toppling and sweeping. While the last table shows the mean and standard deviation of the four techniques and the country. Athletes tried to perform as good as possible to achieve the highest score and a better performance. As an athlete who competed in the competition, the situation is influenced by various factors such as physical, technical, tactical and psychological (Latifah, Rusdiana, Ugelta, Budiman, & Karmini, 2017).                                                 

            This technique would be occurring when two pesilat perform in a competition. Pesilat can perform their techniques of sweeping by attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground to unstable them and bring down to the ground or floor while topple can use hand or leg to take down the opponent. However, the point will be collected according to the opponent falling down to the ground. The notational analyses are used to record the punch, kick, topple and sweep with indicator of hit target, miss opponent and hit elsewhere.                                                                                         

Keywords: Kicking, Martial Arts, Coaching, Performance Analysis 

Introduction

            Silat is a term used to describe the martial arts forms practiced throughout the Malay Archipelago. Silat is a collective word for native’s martial arts that originates from Indonesia. According to Shapie, M. N. M. and Elias (2016) Olahraga means the ability for silat exponents to perform their silat techniques in combat with striking and defensive actions such as punching, kicking, throwing, catching, parrying blocking and the other skill related to the silat techniques.          

                 It is traditionally practiced in Southern Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Brunei, Philippines and also Malaysia. Silat is a combative art of Malay fighting arts. According to Aziz, Tan, and Teh (2002) pencak silat is divide by two categories which are silat olahraga and silat seni (contact and artistic).                                                                                                                                                      

            Silat Seni is a combination of self-defense and art. This is evident of the fact that the self-defense routines are performed in a manner of beautiful hand movements. Every step is performed for the intention of defense rather than aggression. Moreover, Silat Seni has various special ways of helping an individual build up self-confidence, instill a sense of responsibility, become an effective weapon for self-defense and strengthening the inner spirit.                                                                     

            Silat Olahraga is the famous silat sport in Malaysia. The high intensity of the fight requires silat exponents to stay fit in silat match. It is important to understand that a proper martial art training system can help exponent to win a silat match. Silat Olahraga has various techniques in defeating an enemy with a stronger built. Moreover, minimal body movement is required in order to preserve the strength of the pesilat for more effective well-planned reaction or attack.

            Thus, in the art of Silat Olahraga, a practitioner is taught specific offensive and defense technique for him/her to acquire accurate and effective responses on enemy’s attack. It is also enables them to develop their fullest ability. The uniqueness of Silat Olahraga is the rule. In the rule, there are exist of basic commands, time for each match, target area to attack the opponent, and the scoring point for each of the area that attacked.                                                                                                    

Material and Method

          The data will be analysed based on the video matches Pencak Silat Tanding Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Singapore), Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg (Laos vs Philippines), Men’s Semi-final Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Laos),  and Men’s Final Class C 60kg (Vietnam vs Thailand). This analysis will be focus more on the specific skills which are punching, kicking, toppling and sweeping. All of these techniques will be categorized into three indicators which are hit target, miss opponent and hit elsewhere.  Besides that the video will be repeated and play in slow motion to identify the action or skills made by exponents to get the accurate analyses (Shapie, M. M., Oliver, O’Donoghue, & Tong, 2013). These are the listing of the fourteen motion categories that used in Pencak Silat Tanding:                                                                                           

Motion Categories

•          Block

o  The blocking movements will start with the posture position and the exponent standsstraight with the hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking can also use arms, elbows and legs with the aim to block off or striking back at any attack (Anuar, 1992).                                                                                                                   

•          Kick

o   The kick is an attacking movement which is performed with one leg or both legs simultaneously. It can be front kick, side kick or even semi-circular side kick. Every kick should be at the front of the body, from the chest to the centre or must be hit at the pad then only the score will be given (Anuar, 1992).                                                 

•          Punch

o   The punch attack is done by a hand with a closed fist hitting the target. In Silat, punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch or uppercut to the exponent body. Basically, many exponents use the straight punch because easy to get the chance and collect the point (Anuar, 1992).                                                          

•          Topple

o   There are various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. Exponents can push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side, shove hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every fall is considered valid as long as the pesilat exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling or he is able to overpower the opponent whom he has brought down (Anuar, 1992).                              

•          Catch

o   The catch is made by using the hand to obstruct the opponent from carrying out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction. A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which could break the part which is being held such as leg and waist is also forbidden. These regulations exist to protect the silat exponents (Anuar, 1992).                                                                                                  

•          Sweep

o    Swiping is involves attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground to unstable them and bring down to the ground or floor. A fighter or exponent can perform this attacking movement for both right and left leg. Hence, front sweep is made by swinging the leg to the front to push the opponent’s front leg, while back sweep is carried out by swinging the leg backward to hit the back leg (Anuar, 1992).                  

•          Dodge

o    Dodge is the techniques that carry out by Silat exponent when they tried to avoid an attack. This technique does not require exponent to touch the opponent. There are variety ways of carrying out defensive movements such as dodging, retreat, evasion to the side, bending, jumping and ducking (Anuar, 1992).                                                   

•          Block and Punch

o    The blocking technique is required to block hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using hand to punch the opponent especially punch to hit target (Shapie, Oliver, O’Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).                                                       

•          Block and Kick

o      The blocking technique is required to block hand and leg attack from the opponent and followed by the counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent direct to the hit target (Shapie et al., 2013)                                                                                                          

•          Block and Sweep

o      The blocking technique is required to block and hand and leg attack from the opponent followed by the counter attack using the sweeping technique to the opponent and to make sure that the opponent is falling down to get a higher scores (Shapie et al., 2013)

•          Fake Punch

o     Fake punch used to confuse the opponent using the hand to break the defensive posture (Shapie et al., 2013).                                                                                                         

•          Fake Kick

o   Fake kick used to confuse the opponent using the leg to break the defensive posture (Shapie et al., 2013)                                                                                                          

•          Self-Release

o   Self-release is the technique used to unlock any catch from opponent or fighter (Anuar, 1993).                                                                                                                                

•          Others

o      Is the basic commands. The referee will say ‘Mulai’ meaning ‘Begin’ to start the game and ‘Berhenti’ also known as ‘Stop’ to stop the fight (Anuar, 1993).                              

       

Reliability of Observations

               The author analysed all the activities and simultaneously classified each change of motion    in a single match.  Two observations were done separated by 48 hours. It requires experienced silat    practitioners to analyse the data as the movement of both exponents is fast, needing close inspection.  The classification of movement was subjective with work being classified according to the instruction given by the referee.                                                                                                                                  

Statistical Analysis

            The observation generated data will be frequency counted. Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) for all the marker has been computed to locate the measurable factors that separated between winning and losing group. All the statistical data was conducted using (SPSS), Statistical Package Social Science version 21.                                                                                                                         

Results

            The result has been showed in the table below. For the first table, it concludes all the result from the 14 motion categories that combine the winners and losers group. For the second table, it shows the specific skills that exponents used such as blocking, kicking, punching and also topple. For the last table, it shows the mean and standard deviation for both groups. There are three outcomes that will be used for the observation of the video matches which are hit target, miss opponent and hit elsewhere.                                                                                                                                                  

                    The first match is Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg, Vietnam (Red) vs Singapore (Blue).

Actions	Outcome Indicators
	Vietnam (Winner)				Singapore (Loser)
	Hit Target	Miss Opponent	Hit Elsewhere	Not Available	Hit Target	Miss Opponent	Hit Elsewhere	Not Available
Block	2	2			1	2
Kick	5	3	1		4	10	3
Punch	1					3
Topple	1	1			2	2
Catch	2	1			5	1
Sweep	5	1			3	1
Dodge	2				1
Block and Punch
Block and Kick	3
Block and Sweep					1
Fake Punch
Fake Kick					1
Self-Release	3				1
Others				17				17
Total	24	8	1	17	19	19	3	17

Legends: Others stand for ‘Mulai’ meaning ‘Begin’ to start the game and ‘Berhenti’ also known as ‘Stop’ to stop the fight.

Frequency Table:

    

Exponent	Punch	Kick	Topple	Sweep	Total
Vietnam (Winner)	1	9	2	6	18
Singapore (Loser)	3	17	4	4	28

                   The second match is Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg, Laos (Red) vs Philippines (Blue).

Actions	Outcome Indicators
	Laos (Winner)				Philippines (Loser)
	Hit Target	Miss Opponent	Hit Elsewhere	Not Available	Hit Target	Miss Opponent	Hit Elsewhere	Not Available
Block	4	1	4		5	5	2
Kick	6	4	8		6	1	10
Punch	6	1	2		2	1	3
Topple	3	2	1		1	2	1
Catch	9	3			5	6	6
Sweep		2	2			1	1
Dodge	2				4	2	1
Block and Punch
Block and Kick
Block and Sweep
Fake Punch	2						1
Fake Kick	1				1
Self-Release		1			1	2
Others				17				17
Total	50	14	17	17	35	20	25	17

Legends: Others stand for ‘Mulai’ meaning ‘Begin’ to start the game and ‘Berhenti’ also known as ‘Stop’ to stop the fight.

Frequency Table: 

Exponent	Punch	Kick	Topple	Sweep	Total
Laos (Winner)	9	18	6	4	37
Philippines (Loser)	6	17	4	2	29

     The third match is Men’s Semi-final Class C 60kg, Laos (Red) vs Vietnam (Blue). 

Actions	Outcome Indicators
	Laos (Loser)				Vietnam (Winner)
	Hit Target	Miss Opponent	Hit Elsewhere	Not Available	Hit Target	Miss Opponent	Hit Elsewhere	Not Available
Block	1
Kick	4	7	12		8	1	3
Punch	5	4			5	1	2
Topple	1	2	1		4
Catch	3				1
Sweep	1	1	1		3	2
Dodge
Block and Punch
Block and Kick						1
Block and Sweep
Fake Punch	5	4			2
Fake Kick	3	1
Self-Release
Others				17				17
Total	40	17	13	17	40	8	5	17

  Legends: Others stand for ‘Mulai’ meaning ‘Begin’ to start the game and ‘Berhenti’ also known as     ‘Stop’ to stop the fight.

Frequency Table:

Exponent	Punch	Kick	Topple	Sweep	Total
Laos (Loser)	9	21	4	3	37
Vietnam (Winner)	8	12	4	5	29

    The last match is Men’s Final Class C 60kg, Vietnam (Red) vs Thailand (Blue).

Actions	Outcome Indicators
	Vietnam (Loser)				Thailand (Winner)
	Hit Target	Miss Opponent	Hit Elsewhere	Not Available	Hit Target	Miss Opponent	Hit Elsewhere	Not Available
Block
Kick	7	5	3		6	2	3
Punch	8		2		7		4
Topple	2	1					3
Catch	1	2			2
Sweep		5	1			3
Dodge
Block and Punch
Block and Kick
Block and Sweep
Fake Punch	1				1
Fake Kick	1				2
Self-Release
Others				17				17
Total	33	14	6	17	31	5	10	17

 Legends: Others stand for ‘Mulai’ meaning ‘Begin’ to start the game and ‘Berhenti’ also known as ‘Stop’ to stop the fight.

Frequency Table:

Exponent	Punch	Kick	Topple	Sweep	Total
Vietnam (Loser)	10	15	3	6	34
Thailand (Winner)	11	11	3	3	28

Discussion

            The past examination states that silat competitor’s taught to be mastering in both kicking and punching yet punching recurrence is lower than a kicking (M. M. Shapie et al., 2013). However, silat competitors should create punching ability speedier and precise in light of the fact that punching is the high rate effective of hitting target contrast with kicking expertise in rivalry (M. M. Shapie et al., 2013). According to the result of data shows that Vietnam has won two match from men’s quarterfinals Class C 60kg and men’s semi-final Class C 60kg while men’s quarterfinals Class C 60kg between Laos and Philippines has won by Laos. For the last match is men’s final Class C 60kg between Vietnam and Thailand. The match was directly won to Thailand because Vietnam has been disqualified.                                                                                                                                               

          Based on the researcher record from the video matches, the total of frequency table for Vietnam is 18 and 37 and 34. This total are comprises from variety technique such as block, kick, punch and topple. From this result Vietnam is higher than the other exponents during the competition. In this match, the fighter or exponents use both upper and lower body part to make a movement and the fighter is really good in both at punching and kicking than other techniques. Competitor must wise to make strategy plan and technique during match (Wahab, 1989).                                                             

            For this analysis, the fighter has to developed more strength, power, agility and cardiovascular fitness to enhance or maintain the performance level. Each physical fitness component is important to them for developed or train during training and will perform well during competition. Current study showed, the fighter mostly used kicking and punching techniques than other that is because the fighter was good at both techniques to get more score or point during competition. Usually, the winner uses their tactic and knows how to make self-defense very well from being attacked and always find the chance to attack the opponent such as topple down which is the fighter use their leg or hand to let the opponent falling down to the floor then after that the fighter will get the point (Shapie, M. N. M. & Elias, 2015).                                                                                                            

            Refer to frequency table in the first match between Vietnam (Red) and Singapore (Blue), the fighter from Singapore got higher score from punching (3), kicking (17) and topple (4) but the fighter from Vietnam got higher score in sweep (6). However, Vietnam won the match might be because he gets a high score in sweeping. For the second match, the fighter from Laos made 9 punch, 18 kick, 6 topple and 4 sweep. In this match, the fighter uses more kick than punch. The third match has won by Vietnam with 8 punch, 12 kick, 4 topple and 5 sweep. Although Laos has a higher frequency score, but Laos has made a lot of miss opponent compared to Vietnam. And for the last match, Vietnam has made 10 punch, 15 kick, 3 topple and 6 sweep.                                                                                        

Conclusion

            The conclusion of this study is to determine which level of method used by both exponents in Silat Olahraga Sea Games 2015 has a higher score. For example, we use punch, kick, topple and sweep as the main focus techniques with the indicator of hit target, miss opponent and hit elsewhere. The exponents who make the best technique or use more tactical, will get the higher score and win the competition. Besides, Pesilat need to improve their fitness level such as muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance, power, agility, speed to enhance their performance level. In this study is to observe which techniques are used more during competition by both fighters. The fewer mistakes they make, the better result they will get.                                                                                                 

            However, the exponents should develop more their strength, power, agility to give the fast attack to the opponent. Based on this observation, the winner used more kick and topples technique to get the higher score than the other fighter. Both the exponents used the high intensity action than low intensity action during the competition because it also helps to contribute to get the highest score rather than low intensity action. Last but not least, to ensure the good performance played by the athletes of ‘Pesilat’, they have to fully prepare especially on their physical & mental in order to give their best commitment and also good results by winning each games.                                                    

Recommendations

         It is good if those developing conditioning elements of training programs for Silat Olahraga athletes are aware of the frequency and spread of duration of action and rest periods within action periods. It is also recommended that future studies determine the full range of activities performed with movement classifications and the variation of strikes that contribute to losing and winning the match.

          The implication from a coaching perspective of the types and frequencies of strikes used would suggest that in training, a large proportion of time needs to be utilized in development of kicking and blocking as well as the conditioning of lower limbs in order to absorbs strikes and resist fatigue during a match to being able to defend and counter attack effectively.                                                    

        Lastly, it is recommended for pesilat either winner or loser to improve their motion skill to expertise. Coaches need to emphasize the skill related fitness of an athlete to enhance their performance. There is a limitation on this case study as the findings represent only 4 silat match, so the finding cannot be generalized to all silat competition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the winner motion skill during a silat match.                                                                               

References

Latifah, E., Rusdiana, A., Ugelta, S., Budiman, D., & Karmini, M. (2017). Contribution of Intelligence and Emotional Qoutients with Performance Athletes Pencak Silat. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

Shapie, M. M., Oliver, J., O’Donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts., 1(2), 81-86.

Shapie, M. N. M. (2011). Influence of Age and Maturation on Fitness Development, Trainability And Competitive Performance In Youth Silat. Cardiff Metropolitan University.  

Shapie, M. N. M., & Elias, M. S. (2015). Seni Silat Malaysia: The Malay Arts of Self-Defence. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1st World Congress on Health and Martial Arts in Interdisciplinary Approach, HMA 2015.

Shapie, M. N. M., & Elias, M. S. (2016). Silat: The curriculum of Seni Silat Malaysia. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 11(2s), 122-125.

Shapie, M. N. M., Zenal, Z., Parnabas, V., & Abdullah, N. M. (2016). The Correlation between Leadership Coaching Style and Satisfaction among University Silat Olahraga Athletes. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 3(16), 34-39.

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Men’s Class C Quaterfinals Vietnam vs Sin (Day 6); 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at March 19, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SokrF52rGxg

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Men’s Class C Quarterfinals Laos vs Philippines (Day 6); 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at March 19, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLTGxEEipCQ

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Men’s Class C Semi-finals Vietnam vs Laos (Day 8); 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at March 19, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3o4IIQLkMZA

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Men’s Class C Finals Vietnam vs Thailand (Day 9); 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at March 19, 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-mBeT3D87Y

https://martial-arts-self-defense.knoji.com/silat-olahraga-the-malay-martial-arts-of-selfdefense/

https://malaymartialarts-silat.blogspot.my/2013/05/the-silat-olahraga.html

http://ezinearticles.com/?Three-Fighting-Secrets-To-Topple-Down-Your-Opponent-Easily-In-Silat-Olahraga-Match&id=5536517

http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Physiology-Demands-of-Silat-Olahraga&id=5542798

https://www.scribd.com/document/158407622/The-Silat-Olahraga

Appendices

 Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg, Vietnam (Red) vs Singapore (Blue).

Statistics
		Punch	Kick	Topple	Sweep
N	Valid	4	26	6	10
	Missing	22	0	20	16
Mean		1.75	1.65	1.67	1.40
Std. Error of Mean		.250	.095	.211	.163
Std. Deviation		.500	.485	.516	.516

Statistics
		Vietnam	Singapore
N	Valid	18	26
	Missing	8	0
Mean		2.72	2.42
Std. Error of Mean		.240	.159
Std. Deviation		1.018	.809

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha	Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items	N of Items
.964	.964	2

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
	Vietnam1	Vietnam2
Vietnam1	1.000	.931
Vietnam2	.931	1.000

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
	Intraclass Correlation	95% Confidence Interval		F Test with True Value 0
		Lower Bound	Upper Bound	Value	df1	df2	Sig
Single Measures	.922	.807	.970	24.569	17	18	.000
Average Measures	.959	.893	.985	24.569	17	18	.000
One-way random effects model where people effects are random. Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items   .973 .973 2 Inter-Item Correlation Matrix Singapore1 Singapore2 Singapore1 1.000 .948 Singapore2 .948 1.000 Intraclass Correlation Coefficient Intraclass Correlation 95% Confidence Interval F Test with True Value 0 Lower Bound Upper Bound Value df1 df2 Sig Single Measures .945 .885 .975 35.577 26 27 .000 Average Measures .972 .939 .987 35.577 26 27 .000 One-way random effects model where people effects are random.

Men’s Quarterfinals Class C 60kg, Laos (Red) vs Philippines (Blue).

Statistics
		Punch	Kick	Topple	Sweep
N	Valid	15	35	10	6
	Missing	20	0	25	29
Mean		1.40	1.49	1.40	1.33
Std. Error of Mean		.131	.086	.163	.211
Std. Deviation		.507	.507	.516	.516

Statistics
		Laos	Philippines
N	Valid	37	29
	Missing	0	8
Mean		2.14	2.07
Std. Error of Mean		.151	.148
Std. Deviation		.918	.799

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha	Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items	N of Items
.947	.961	2

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
	Laos1	Laos2
Laos1	1.000	.924
Laos2	.924	1.000

             

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
	Intraclass Correlation	95% Confidence Interval		F Test with True Value 0
		Lower Bound	Upper Bound	Value	df1	df2	Sig
Single Measures	.883	.780	.939	16.061	33	34	.000
Average Measures	.938	.876	.969	16.061	33	34	.000
One-way random effects model where people effects are random.                  Inter-Item Correlation Matrix                Philippines1               Philippines2                 Philippines1 1.000 .883                 Philippines2 .883 1.000                     Reliability Statistics                  Cronbach's Alpha                Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items               N of Items .922 .938 2                     Intraclass Correlation Coefficient                 Intraclass Correlation                 95% Confidence Interval               F Test with True Value 0              Lower Bound               Upper Bound               Value               df1              df2               Sig                 Single Measures .833 .677 .918 10.971 28 29 .000                 Average Measures .909 .808 .957 10.971 28 29 .000                 One-way random effects model where people effects are random.

Men’s Semi-final Class C 60kg, Vietnam (Blue) vs Laos (Red)

Statistics
		Punch	Kick	Topple	Sweep
N	Valid	17	33	8	8
	Missing	18	2	27	27
Mean		1.47	1.36	1.50	1.63
Std. Error of Mean		.125	.085	.189	.183
Std. Deviation		.514	.489	.535	.518

Statistics
		Laos	Vietnam
N	Valid	37	29
	Missing	0	8
Mean		2.03	2.21
Std. Error of Mean		.137	.195
Std. Deviation		.833	1.048

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha	Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items	N of Items
1.000	1.000	2

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
	Laos1	Laos2
Laos1	1.000	1.000
Laos2	1.000	1.000

  

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
	Intraclass Correlation	95% Confidence Interval		F Test with True Value 0
		Lower Bound	Upper Bound	Value	df1	df2	Sig
Single Measures	1.000	1.000	1.000	3702659153100067.500	36	37	.000
Average Measures	1.000	1.000	1.000	3702659153100067.500	36	37	.000
One-way random effects model where people effects are random.

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha	Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items	N of Items
.992	.992	2

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
	Vietnam1	Vietnam2
Vietnam1	1.000	.984
Vietnam2	.984	1.000

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
	Intraclass Correlation	95% Confidence Interval		F Test with True Value 0
		Lower Bound	Upper Bound	Value	df1	df2	Sig
Single Measures	.984	.966	.992	123.429	28	29	.000
Average Measures	.992	.983	.996	123.429	28	29	.000
One-way random effects model where people effects are random.